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计算机硬件部分

计算机硬件部分

COMPUTER HARDWARE  We build computer to solve problems.Early computer solved mathematical and engineering problems,and later computers emphasized information processing for business applications.T-
1 ?& o6 ?) A7 M, a' {oday,computers also control machines as diverse as automobile engines,robots,and microwave ovens.  A computer system solves a problem from any of these domains by accepting input,processing it,and producing output.  Fig. 1-1 illustrates the function of a computer system.

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  Computer systems consist of hardware and software.  Hardware is the physical part of the system. Once designed,hardware is difficult and expensive to change.  Software is the set of programs that instruct the hardware and is easier to modify than hardware.  Computers are valuable because they are general-purpose machines that can solve many different kinds of problems,as opposed to special-purpose machines that can each solve only one kind of problem. Different problems can be solved with the same hardware by supplying the system with a different set of instructions.that is,with different software.
: \  S1 I0 J: o  Every computer has four basic hardware components:2 ]+ D5 N- \7 }* S  |- H  K  v: U: u
     •  Input devices.$ C: E9 m, U; r
     •  Output devices.( y7 J# {# B6 S
     •  Main memory.# U. f. G& _% P# o1 a
     •  Central processing unit(CPU).) J) p6 `4 V, e& H3 ]" w
  Fig. 1-2 shows these components in a block diagram.  The lines between the blocks represent the flow of information flows from one component to another on the bus,which is simply a group of wires connecting the components. [1]  Processing occurs in the CPU and main memory.  The organization in Fig. 1-2,with the components connected to each other by the bus,is common.  However,other configurations are possible as well.  p2 L/ u$ f2 a- R1 [
  Computer hardware is often classified by its relative physical size:
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   •  Small microcomputer;
, l& r  s. ~3 F9 Q3 w$ Q8 p      •  Medium minicomputer;* h: c% m! A1 K0 x6 c( t1 e
      •  Large mainframe.
     
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: U; c; J8 @& ]4 C6 P# o$ t! v! w4 q  计算机硬件
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9 N3 A2 O, [, v" {/ q, \' G6 N% X  人们为解决问题而制造计算机。早期的计算机解决的是数学和工程问题,后来计算机着重解决商业应用中的信息处理问题。如今,计算机还用来控制如汽车发动机、机器人和微波炉等各式各样的机器。计算机系统解决上述这些领域中的任何一个问题都是通过接收输入、处理问题和生成输出来实现的。图1-1说明了计算机系统的功能。
  R, `0 X5 y  W& q   计算机系统由硬件和软件组成。硬件是系统的物理部分。硬件一旦设计完毕,要修改是困难的,并且花费也大。软件是指挥硬件的程序集合,比硬件容易修改。计算机之所以有用,是因为它们能解决很多不同类型的问题,是通用的机器。相对而言,每种专用机只能解决一类问题。通过为系统配备不同的指令系统,也就是配备不同的软件,能用同一硬件去解决不同的问题。
; k" `* l; N* U, V" P# y     每台计算机都有如下4种基本硬件部件:- {$ J# D' Q6 W+ W4 l7 Y4 k5 m' W! b
  输入设备;
: |4 o7 {/ V% {, Q, X6 z  输出设备;
# y! |& Y1 q7 E6 ~+ e  主存储器;" I( K% _6 N+ Z2 n/ Q, h
  中央处理器。4 @% q' Y+ L# j
     图1-2以一个框图的形式展示了这几种部件。各框之间的连线代表信息流在总线上从一部件流向另一部件,总线简单地说就是连接各部件的一组线缆。处理是在CPU和主存储器中进行的。图1-2中通过总线相互连接的各部件的组成是很常见的。当然,也可能有其他配置。% J5 J" `. U+ L- ]% O' j' y8 S
     计算机硬件常以相对体积大小来分类,如下所示:
2 P0 L7 ^) `, x, `1 w  小型,指微型计算机;" U, C* l3 S; S' s
  中型,指小型计算机;
4 r5 Q' U- d8 s9 T9 r" g' \  大型,指大型计算机。
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Just the CPU of a mainframe often occupies an entire cabinet.  Its input/output(I/O)devices and memory might fill an entire room.  Microcomputers can be small enough to fit on a desk or in a briefcase.  As technology advances,the amount of processing previously possible only on large machines becomes possible on smaller machines.  Microcomputers now can do much of the work that only minicomputers or mainframes could do in the past.
. ~% U$ N8 z2 a$ _2 U- D! h  The classification just described is based on physical size as opposed to storage size.  A computer system user is generally more concerned with storage size,because that is a more direct indication of the amount of useful work that the hardware can perform.  Speed of computation is another characteristic that is important to the user.Generally speaking,users want a fast CPU and large amounts of storage,but a physically small machine for the I/O devices and main memory.- o3 Q# H. H+ \2 n9 q! _
  When computer scientists study problems,therefore,they are concerned with space and time-the space necessary inside a computer system to store a problem and the time required to solve it.  They commonly use the metric prefixes of Table 1-1 to express large or small quantities of space or time.
  p, o) m. o/ s- k+ C  Example Suppose it takes 4. 5 microseconds,also written 4. 5  s,to transfer some information across the bus from one component to another. (a)How many seconds are required for the transfer?(b)How many transfers can take place during one minute?[2]1 `" j, G* z8 c% Z
(a)A time of 4. 5  s is 4. 5 × 10-6 from Table 1-1 or 0. 000 0045 s.(b)Because there
; d' t7 ]* q. u1 R$ B2 W2 vare 60 seconds in one minute,the number of times the transfer can occur is(60 s)/(0. 000 004 5 s/transfer)or 13 300 000 transfers.  Note that since the original value was given with two significant figures,the result should not be given to more than two or three significant figures.
3 n7 M* A2 }5 g7 Z) D, N% V2 N% Y  Table 1-1 shows that in the metric system the prefix kilo-is 1 000 and mega-is 1 000 000.  But in computer science,a kilo-is 210 or 1024.The different between 1 000 and 1 024 is less than 3%,so you can think of a computer science kilo-as being about 1 000 even though it is a little more.  The same applies to mega-and giga-,as in Table 1-2. This time,the approximation is a little worse,but for mega-it is still within 5%.
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# h8 n' \" n) a! J% i+ N  一台大型机的CPU往往要占用一个机柜。它的输入输出(I/O)设备和存储器可能塞满一个屋子。微型计算机可以小到能放在桌子上或公文包里。随着技术的进步,以前只能在大型机上进行的大量处理工作,现在可以在更小的机器上进行。很多过去只能在小型或大型机上做的工作现在微型计算机都能完成。
, b6 N$ H) h) {" m  上面所述是按物理尺寸的大小不是按存储器的大小来分类的。计算机系统用户通常更关心存储器的大小,因为这更直接地表明硬件所能完成的有效工作量。运算速度对用户来说是另一个重要特性。一般来讲,用户需要快速的CPU和大容量存储器,而I/O设备和主存储器的体积则要小。, s! X) t( m" r/ l% z7 l
  因而,在计算机科学家研究问题时,他们所关心的是空间和时间-一计算机系统内部的必要空间是为了存储问题,而解决问题需要时间。他们通常使用表1-1中所列的词头去表示空间或时间量的大或小。
0 e0 G* d* c  k5 Z, m4 z  【例】假设在总线上从一个部件向另一个部件传送某个信息需要4. 5微秒,也写成4.5 s。7 e3 ~$ Y( b; R  {* W/ O# {% i
    (a)传送需要多少秒钟?
! K5 Z* |6 M, m9 n8 M    (b)1分钟能传送多少次?: F1 t+ S$ b" x% a
     解:(a)如表1-1所示,4. 5 s是4. 5× 10-6s,即0. 000 004 5秒;% S. I  }, ^# T+ H( G: ?/ l. i
    (b)由于1分钟有60秒,所以传送次数是60s/0.000 004 5s,即13 300 000。请注意,由于原始数只有两位有效值,所以结果也不应超过两位或三位有效数。! A6 w& J" g) e# K  o
    表1-1表明在量度系统中,词头kilo为1000, mega为1 000 000。但在计算机科学中, kilo为210 或1024。1000与1024之间的误差不到3%,因而可以认为计算机科学中kilo大约为1000,虽然它稍小一些。对于mega和giga的情形也是如此,如表1-2所示。这时,近似程度稍差一些,但对mega而言,仍在5%以内。
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如前所述,通过浏览计算机硬件部分的两篇文章,你对计算机硬件部分的知识已初步了解,请仔细阅读下列知识重点并尝试做一些相关题目,加深对知识的理解,充分吸收其精华部分。
NOTES
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[1]  总线不仅仅是一组线缆,它还包括一些逻辑电路。此处是一种形象说法,有关总线的概念请见本章1. 6节。+ s& ^! I4 [$ `9 m, h2 i
[2]  因为没有给出总线宽度,故每次传送可以理解为每秒钟或每分钟所传送的字节数、字数等。
) A& x: G& p5 O3 SKEYWORDS
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computer          计算机                                    ' P" q, B) q+ Q, n
input device      输入设备
: C, u* C% X) U- J! o- O9 Coutput device     输出设备4 g% ?0 O4 l) d1 `5 x7 n
information processing  信息处理                         6 L8 g& N( e6 W; R
hardware          硬件                                       
9 \1 V/ k/ v. n2 bsoftware          软件   - ]7 ]# F" k, d' h9 B
main memory       主存储器                                      
3 y9 N( q' U1 @/ bcentral processing unit(CPU)中央处理器4 d# c4 @4 }$ ^$ Z
program           程序                                         
; A6 m  L2 V. P" e" h& Z8 ~bus               总线! L9 m+ w( M& \" @/ ~% m1 U
general-purpose machine 通用(计算)机    % }& r/ @' I+ x( M0 _% c6 f
microcomputer     微型计算机
4 R" @' c9 v- y# d! R$ Q' z9 hspecial-purpose machine 专用(计算)机   
6 I  g$ T& o( v6 z0 Vminicomputer      小型计算机
' E- q8 S" r# j- u- binstruction       指令                                       
0 v' V) a8 _& J; Y6 K7 smainframe        主机,特大型机
7 f+ K7 Z+ z1 \/ P' y" T, Pset of instruction   指令集,指令系统
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  EXERCISES
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 1.  Multiple choices.9 `" k, b5 U" N. Y! n$ I
(1)When we store a problem into a computer,( )is necessary.: q) F9 R# f7 i/ x/ t
   a.  space      b.  time
: b/ `# i5 k2 y# ?4 a   c.  input device      d.  output device  C( K' G$ J! [
(2)Early computer solved   ( ) problems.  
+ V, B* u. G$ p( X5 X" {   a.  control       b.  business applications0 [7 ^1 t, v7 o$ K. ^5 \% q' D
   c.  engineering      d.  mathematical& _5 q) f3 o0 V- N
(3)We can use prefix micro to express ( )            
, Z- _" t8 B+ q- Y" @( C. ^   a.  time metric      b.  space metric
. W/ R2 ]* B8 e$ L  _+ |7 a   c.  both time and space metrics   d.  10-67 k+ e6 E, d) _* t: _; p8 b  E2 W# ~6 Z
(4)We can say a bus is simply   ( )           : w9 w: x, j' t1 f+ `
   a.  a group of wires     b.  a wire6 p$ y( w# A. P3 b% v
   c.  a 8-bit bus      d.  a 16-bit bus5 A: |. e* @" q" Q
(5)A computer system user generally more cares for  ( )           
5 h* x2 c  h2 }+ m. e0 u. a. M   a.  physical size of the computer
. q" h$ r+ N4 i# t   b.  storage size
! \* P$ S, c; b   c.  speed of computation
. G3 @+ g+ c' a   d.  efficiency of the computer, W' R0 v8 C; ]+ @
(6)According to the physical size of computers we can classify the computers into    ( )   
* M+ l3 G0 [2 a    a.  microcomputer    b.  minicomputer
6 n3 ]) G0 H( O- m% Y/ `, e   c.  mainframe      d.  supercomputer
0 R, d9 e( e* _; T: e$ y$ ^% }8 P(7)Prefix“mega”used for computer science is   ( )           0 p: X! d2 c" @7 Q/ ?; r* N, o
   a.  larger than 106    b.  smaller than 106
( K0 J) B% _+ v5 F' E   c.  equal to 220      d.  1 048 576! _5 f- @; d8 d1 y# e( W
(8)The basic hardware components of any computer include    ( )         ' ~+ s" ~4 H4 R4 P# m  a
   a.  CPU      b.  main memory
% X8 Y& i+ j/ N# F% s   c.  input devices     d.  output devices! M* o, m- X! ?2 n3 G
2.  Fill in the blank with appropriate words or phrases found behind this exercise.  ) S* ^- }" R  e$ S! x6 |" T  ^
(1)A computer system solves a problem by     ( )        2 ^8 {- D( t. J8 I. ^. K
(2)The amount of effective work of a computer can be indicated by   ( )     directly.   
: d0 S1 n& \, h* W* e/ n(3)Computer systems consist of   ( )           8 R* ^" y0 |5 l$ _
(4)Computer that can solve only one kind of problem is a   ( )            
% h4 `( z9 i# L0 l: N/ f5 V(5)Computer that can solve many different kinds of problems is a              
9 c3 v0 b- F0 B' w* [  [# Y6 R# G(6) ( )   instruct the hardware.      5 b9 e" r- Q9 U# q1 F, S- t
(7)  ( )   is difficult and expensive to change.  ) E$ Z5 F" `/ q' }" \3 u
(8)We usually show the computer components in a  ( )          ) j. z  T: m9 r8 q, l4 H% g  `, t
a.  general-purpose machine
: w& w3 r: ?+ p% i$ Pb.  hardware1 i, V6 t" T" e8 Z
c.  accepting input,processing problem,and producing output% o! q( c; E4 W% U
d.  block diagram, J. X0 y7 h0 d* r% @
e.  software# h  Y0 u8 @8 e/ r1 O: ~
f.  storage size- O7 W6 C( x5 e; {6 n4 ^
g.  special-purpose machine
4 _) Q3 f4 ]; E% I. |h.  hardware and software
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/ U  A1 T  }- B) o& M. Q" h  Answer: 1.(1)a,c  (2)c,d  (3)a,d  (4)a,c,d/ k8 R# B( \0 A8 G2 a* D) r
         (5)b,c,d  (6)a,b,c,d (7)c,d  (8)a,b,c,d) k( E( O% j7 E, Z& u
        2.(1)c   (2)f   (3)h   (4)g/ r/ B; A9 W; n. i: s, f7 Y
         (5)a   (6)e   (7)b   (8)d
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