计算机组成原理中英文集
来源:希赛网
, U. ~' ` R" |# f Computer systems consist of hardware and software. Hardware is the physical part of the system. Once designed，hardware is difficult and expensive to change. Software is the set of programs that instruct the hardware and is easier to modify than hardware.
9 N+ j0 W1 Q9 F- B5 ?3 W' M7 Q$ A& S 计算机系统由硬件和软件组成。硬件是系统的物理部分。硬件一旦设计完毕，要修改是困难的，并且花费也大。软件是指挥硬件的程序集合，比硬件容易修改。, z8 t" D: K! f H' b$ Z
Every computer has four basic hardware components：
% F+ J! Z4 _9 q' T t$ E# Y8 a • Input devices．
! i! o) ]& a. z3 q: f9 s# q • Output devices.$ d! d& g* M/ S5 P; G5 H' ~2 A
• Main memory.
1 L" _$ Q% b M: s' J$ u+ I7 h • Central processing unit（CPU）．
3 g! j/ ]6 m; V" @+ m. M 每台计算机都有如下4种基本硬件部件：) \, S+ P* z2 _ \/ G
输入设备；0 j/ U# |/ R9 T C, j3 _
输出设备；
7 Q7 O1 e& @9 o! H- w) V0 @( B 主存储器；
& k" k* P1 D! J% Y1 V5 l 中央处理器。
8 h z, U7 B; A+ m A processor is composed of two functional units—a control unit and an arithmetic/logic unit—and a set of special workspaces called registers．; e/ ~+ ?0 }" x+ C
处理器由两个功能部件（控制部件和算术逻辑部件）与一组称为寄存器的特殊工作空间组成。+ E& e/ X& @ S+ x+ X
The Control Unit 控制部件
# i& {/ r- ^ Y) J V7 [0 S The Arithmetic and Logic Unit 算术逻辑部件
, p$ e- _% G! |8 w Registers 寄存器9 p3 q8 X C* B9 x" x S
Memory Devices 存储器
+ H' o$ C( i' m& n$ t, S RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY 随机存储器0 B, P. Q6 V; C# U. b$ N$ R
READ-ONLY MEMORY 只读存储器- v' m% c7 E: V; N* Q* J
MAGNETIC DISKS 磁盘- A" @$ s" P$ V6 P. x, J3 q
CD-ROMS 只读光盘
) [% I; ?% X d, {2 n MAGNETIC TAPE 磁带" v& E7 o6 m9 e) u. l) K: h4 R
Programmed I/O 程序控制I/O
6 K2 i6 q7 u+ d D Programmed I/O，also known as direct I/O，is accomplished by a program executing on the processor itself to control the I/O operations and transfer the data．
: D$ [7 Z2 A3 `) h- i; U& `1 ?8 L 程序控制I/O，又称直接I/O，由在处理器上执行的程序去控制I/O*作和传送数据。
( `! u6 u& S _ f2 C7 G3 RMemory-Mapped I/O 存储器映射I/O- H! y0 [4 |7 s2 h
Memory-Mapped I/O is another form of programmed I/O that maps the device connections to bits in memory address space，
/ d& @4 ^, W2 M; R/ S4 x; o 存储器映射I/O是另一种程序控制I/O，它把I/O设备连接映射成存储器地址空间中的位组，
+ O8 C" c& t8 t( X8 |Interrupt I/O 中断I/O5 b+ O. q- m n
Because of the low efficiency of pure programmed or memory-mapped I/O in high-performance system，so interrupt is produced．
0 A Q- t" w6 Y9 l- _% z. } 由于对高性能系统来说纯程序控制I/O或存储器映射I/O的效率都很低，所以又出现了中断方式。
( N: X# S4 Q# v& S/ [Coprocessor I/O 协处理器I/O
( ^! d. o+ V* [ When the processor is being used to control I/O and move the data，there is a loss of processor efficiency．[8] Thus the idea naturally arises to use a second processor or coprocessor for I/O． ) H: h! ~3 O! o- b, h% O; B# l) k
当处理器用于控制I/O和传送数据时，其效率下降。因而自然会想到用第二个处理器或协处理器去处理I/O。& ^1 I1 _( N/ p) l: t
I/O devices 输入输出设备
2 s1 n/ J% T/ J INTERACTIVE INPUT 交互性输入7 ~; A; z0 E) i% P3 B6 b* C
DIRECT INPUT 直接输入
, ], d: Q9 v4 N9 H$ L SPEECH RECOGNITION 语音识别+ o o: ?: H. a* g! e7 P; ^
SENSOR INPUT 传感器输入0 T( y5 y* g3 W" D5 T) B
DISPLAY OUTPUTS 显示输出
& ]7 k, A# V+ h- ? PRINTERS FOR DOCUMENT OUTPUTS 文本打印机/ j) |6 o/ x: C6 ]0 Y5 C
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Centralized Control．A single hardware control unit will recognize a request and grant access to the bus to a requesting device．It is the responsibility of the controller to resolve simultaneous requests and assign priority to the requests．At least three designs are used for centralized controllers：daisy chain，polling with a global counter，and polling with local counters．
( w# [5 e: p+ F$ u; ]# |来源:http://ite.csai.cn/hard/200611101529231144.htm
5 I& s# e3 _' F7 L- q0 }. G Distributed Control．Distributed control，also known as decentralized control，distributes the control function between all the devices on the bus．The major advantage of decentralized control is that the system is easily expandable by the addition of modules．As with centralized control，there are three basic designs：daisy chain，polling，and independent requests．" k8 S. D5 \/ f& F1 N) M6 l0 b( t
来源:http://ite.csai.cn/hard/200611101529231144.htm
