发新话题
打印

[分享] 美语三不

美语三不

美语三不
由于美国人生活繁忙、紧张,讲求快速,时间就是金钱,所以近年来许多美国大学也在推行日常生活的讲和写,不用难字,不写长句,不含偏见的「三不」。也就是说,尽量使用简短易懂的白话英语 (Plain English),写得愈白愈好,用字愈少愈妙,使别人可以一目了然,充分了解。这不但可节省「思索」时间,也可避免对方的误解。还有,老外为了族群和谐相处,也不使用带有偏见的字眼。以下即为一些例子,以供读者参考。: U# n( N3 ], q9 g# s7 r
  ~7 ?$ _! t' @4 ^# {4 D. t
1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word); 例如:, n7 E( Z; m3 M& {) v
& R9 c2 Z8 `' n' }- \( f, L% I
Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)
( J. f( r1 r5 `  E9 n# @3 ~! G' f! Z8 x' p; Y  T/ [5 r; b# D
Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) 6 O: z) J8 b3 M" J( p4 [& w( y

  z  O+ O/ t; a4 X( z9 jThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread) . ?- b3 m. h$ @8 C) z9 ]( n
  \$ S  N& y2 d
The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) / H* H1 G& i( t. u* O/ N/ ~

3 K  l0 ^$ v: ]1 W# }I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)
. h4 V* d( [$ C# b
% M) _/ {5 {2 B" G& g; m/ o: y7 hMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) + I& [- m+ Q1 J# Z

+ y$ e% B2 Z" EWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!) ; s& l4 z; Z, y8 q0 a& t, p
/ H8 q3 W# e3 f8 I" k7 e
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词) ! s7 ~; f( {- P

/ G- ?% f/ T! I2 s% LWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。)
! |+ p$ b( M& X; E! s, ?
5 K) Z* ~: M( u1 ]Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?)
" e! Q3 g* ]% U" U/ V% _
" J8 X8 |' I3 J8 n5 P/ T这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!
# m' h; d$ `7 a/ v' l) p% e# _0 G4 z2 L$ \& L* w$ R, i' Q) j
2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 例如:
  N# E& |3 T8 l! {
1 H: F  U( b, IAt this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull……更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 2 ~+ P; ?, ~! n- [
( m, o. v8 G5 j6 n" d0 S0 K
Despite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not…… 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) 4 m: g8 q6 N8 Z9 V3 `
/ r; e! F- Y8 _
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should……不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)
4 ?9 n3 h& o5 q
+ |% H* @$ L& X5 j/ d& O* ~) xHe quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because)
; }, D- i. C# g* K1 |
; [' O6 J( S5 `0 v- ~& O4 s! M8 PIn the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride…… 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually) ) ^1 h) r; c$ _3 B! r# p

$ g+ T1 K# Y: E- C" dShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather……更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)
+ d  y4 k( V) G/ p. d6 d. S' d4 ~& v# G  \( ~* u
I will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)
4 D! g9 I/ O& g% P3 F
2 ?0 M6 Z- M% M  ^' m2 I; }如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:
$ l: @1 I& ^+ w/ Q
0 V8 L- {9 L8 I4 iThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。)
8 F, L) q1 B* q! C1 H  W
& v& `: I9 _8 i" P- f  F5 D9 uThe letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.) $ \9 z3 L3 P$ t$ D3 O
: f( P) h; T) i& C, M* q6 ~
He has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。) ) ], X+ ^  t( p7 {/ G( t, d2 ]& \9 r
# e* Q  f  ~  ^7 f1 X( p% l
He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) 5 j0 s/ Y  @/ E0 l# `
' V+ a. Q( O2 m9 l9 _+ l
We assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的)
0 w6 K& M! {$ J* m* M" J* b+ S+ P3 e7 L# c" g* n
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收)
! J" l2 j# w! D! |$ }
: b2 j" @& g0 K2 e  ]. s写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)……。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.)
; _) X" f4 t* W$ t6 F# q8 f4 i3 V5 A
4 ~+ E+ X, ?# N2 m1 v3 j; ]此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 , L; ^$ v3 A1 @

( }6 z3 V6 H& ?0 |3. 老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 例如:
1 F0 c# i' \$ m8 b
6 ?7 Z/ l# m" X$ n) a7 ?$ a+ gMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal……。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals…… 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)
7 q7 e6 L6 }; D0 X; o8 `4 z0 `) t' n. k( o) A( y
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough… 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) * t2 F$ y; ]0 \. I5 e8 i
7 T4 T7 p4 g  p% i( b. y7 H# @
This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner…也就没有男女之分了)
" @3 ^) D- {* _) A7 \9 [- L4 q% ~; b3 x) E& M/ g. e3 w( l" w
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。) ) Q' B! B2 [: [  W0 J; {

6 k4 Q3 v6 ^6 O5 uMany businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)
" w5 l( E$ B1 o( E; ]) [% S' u3 V2 R: q
Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) + T4 b: l0 K  Z) Q5 ^: F

/ K: U/ F" V* X4 |7 t" o+ J1 }Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives) 8 B" q! f4 S5 z6 n
( C4 Z+ ?8 e( L/ o# u  ]. f$ n
Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , X* d  _6 Y3 q  X% o
( x' V3 }6 |! c0 ~' b- w
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。5 ^: u7 t& m' t: x

4 G1 l1 O/ i+ i: g当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:
! [0 t: @8 J" L$ j, Y: B. |& E( k! k# ?) D2 [
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;
: ]5 C) R" I6 S, e* C8 M$ O2 N% i/ A/ d; `' l1 s$ i
对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; ; \) s+ w9 Q9 L1 s5 D
* q2 R: T) ~4 x$ [
对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people;
7 q. n- ?3 V/ b8 s5 S" R* j
- M3 o& v. f0 o2 w对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; 1 z6 l9 i7 O' Q) Q  m! G/ Y" H

% ~7 j" ?6 e8 R( [至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 : Y: g1 |: L9 r" l5 Q$ J/ _; T
2 y: @0 H" @+ o: h& }0 F/ ]
还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。
  D6 h5 d, H% H* D) i  l) Z8 g3 R: x* r; X. O
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。这时,你也可说一句「拜拜」了。) p; Q& P% ^: {6 l$ B
( ~8 H0 x% P' ]; ?* P' M
  

TOP

发新话题